Introduction: Urban population, urbanization growth, Reduce green spaces, High fossil fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and Use of inappropriate materials They have created a heat island over the cities That cause the city's air several degrees Celsius warmer surroundings. Nowadays, science has proven that there has been a lot of climate change throughout the life of the planet Earth, and many indicators show that human intervention in nature is accelerating natural processes. Humans have been known to be involved in the occurrence of many natural disasters including global warming, sea-level rise, forest destruction, ozone depletion, acid rain, and biodiversity decline. Population growth, urbanization, green space decrease, fossil fuels overuse, greenhouse gas emission, and the use of inappropriate building materials have caused the emergence of thermal island microclimates over cities which make cities warmer than their vicinities (villages) by several centigrade degrees. Methodology: This phenomenon is influenced by several factors such as city location, city size and population, urban density, urban geometry, thermal properties of urban surfaces, waterproof surfaces, human-caused heat and air pollution. Some of these factors require long-term urban planning, but others such as using appropriate building materials can be considered as an early yielding decrease strategy to mitigate the destructive effects of heat islands. Therefore, this paper, after identifying the factors affecting the creation of heat islands and introducing the decrease strategies, tries to examine parameters such as MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE and air TEMPERATURE in three high albedo (0. 8), medium albedo (0. 5) and low albedo (0. 3). In this regard, by choosing Poonak street in Qazvin, which has a variety of building materials, and by studying through Envi_met simulation software. Results and Discussion: Materials used in urban environments absorb and accumulate solar and infrared rays and transmit them to the atmosphere, so materials play an important role in reducing the reception, storage of heat, and its transfer to the urban environment. The findings show that, it was concluded that changes in the amount of ambient RADIANT and TEMPERATURE power can have a significant effect on the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE and consequently on outdoor thermal comfort. The results show that although cool materials with high albedo are suitable for roadbeds and roofs, but high albedo materials in the faç ade, due to their high reflectivity, bring lower thermal comfort and warmer environments in cities. In cities with heat islands, cool materials can warm the environment, but in cities with no heat islands, use of high albedo materials reduces indoor energy consumption in summer. Conclusion: The results indicate that in order to reduce the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE (the most important factor of thermal comfort), direct and indirect RADIANT flux values must be controlled. Therefore, with the decrease in the amount of albedo in the facade materials, the RADIANT flux of the environment decreases leading to a simultaneous decrease in air TEMPERATURE and the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE (Tmrt). Materials with albedo have the highest reflectivity, as a result of which the materials remain cold and heat is not transferred to the interior; however high albedo is not suitable for facade materials in cities that have a heat island, because it causes an increase in ambient TEMPERATURE. The solution is to use materials with low albedo; thus, the ambient TEMPERATURE does not increase and because the heat from the materials to the interior is not transferred. Use suitable thermal insulation in the wall so that the heat absorbed by the materials is not transferred to the interior.

Rapid urban growth and expansion cause reduction in the level of thermal comfort in urban open spaces. Reducing the use of air-conditioning systems in buildings is one of the positive interventions for protecting the environment in the cities in order to create suitable thermal conditions in the interior space. There is a direct relationship between thermal parameters of interior spaces and the outside ambient TEMPERATURE. Creation of fair exterior condition for buildings and public spaces in city is the first and foremost action in order to control and optimize the thermal behavior of buildings. In a warm climate, creation of enclosure in urban open space leads to create more shadow and decrease RADIANT TEMPERATURE which they result in improvement of comfort condition and declining in building energy use for cooling and saving energy consumption. Today, Outdoor design should be put in our urban planning for improvement of environmental conditions. Using appropriate Enclosure in urban open spaces especially in hot and humid cities, one can improve the microclimate condition. Todays, morphological changes, plants and landscape reduction, air pollution and inappropriate construction lead to disturb the environment and increase TEMPERATURE. Historic fabric is a good source for harmonizing urban planning with the climate. The meteorological parameters such as TEMPERATURE, humidity, wind speed and RADIANT TEMPERATURE have significant role in human and thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is a necessary factor that should be considered in every stages of urban design process. One of the main issues in the assessment of the human comfort in outdoor spaces (especially in sunny outdoor conditions) is the amount of MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE which is the sum total of short-wave and long-wave of absorbed radiation flows by the human body. The MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE assessment is more sensitive because radiation is one of the meteorological factors which has a huge effect on human thermal comfort. The MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE is used as a benchmark more than the air TEMPERATURE or the TEMPERATURE for analysis of the impact of weather on the comfort of people. In the past, MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE of historic fabric was balanced with creation of shades and it can be seen in several design and construction strategies like high walls, narrow passage lanes, planting trees and awnings on faç ade and its glaring area. The MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE is influenced by climatic parameters such as TEMPERATURE, humidity, RADIANT TEMPERATURE, wind, orientation and space enclosure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of urban fabric and physical design on the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE to control level of thermal comfort for inhabitants. Focus on the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE is essential for pedestrian and urban open spaces design. Bushehr is a coastal city in the south-west of Iran (Latitude: 28° 55 N, Longitude 50° 55 E) which has a hot and humid climate. In cities, promoting use of streets and open spaces by pedestrians has physical, environmental, economic and social benefits. Thus, ensuring people's comfort in open spaces is essential for improving the quality of urban life. In a complex urban environment, the radiation is considerably different in open spaces because of buildings and vegetation shading and due to various surface materials. Shadow creation and conducting wind flow into open spaces are very important for Bushehr to improve comfort. Shanbadi district is in the eastern part of historic fabric of Bushehr. In historic fabric of Bushehr using enclosure, orientation of passages and buildings and use of appropriate materials, thermal stress in city was reduced through ventilation and shading. Also high density of physical environment has influenced the thermal comfort. Street enclosure has been created by varying the width of street and height of the buildings. Considered passage way in Shanbadi has north-west south-east direction. Shanbadi is one of the 4 historic districts in Bushehr and have lots of climatic design strategies which create harmony of urban fabric and local climate. Some passages leading to this area are input and output of the wind in different hours. 2. Materials & Methods In this study meteorological data are obtained through field study in three seasons (summer, fall and winter) and in 4 period of time. In this research summer study is analyzed. The site is in shanbedi district, one of the four old district in Bushehr. 7 sections with different enclosure were chosen in study area and climate data is surveyed during the day separately in each of these sections. RAY man 1. 2 software was used for calculating the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE. RAY man 1. 2 software is a tool for calculating the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE and heat index such as PET, PMV and SET in urban studies. MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE calculation in RAY man software requires some information such as geographic location (latitude, altitude and time difference with Greenwich), the time of study data (date and time of study), characteristics of meteorological data (air TEMPERATURE, humidity, cloud cover, wind speed and vapor pressure), surrounding surface reflection, scattered radiation ratio, the Bowen ratio and the global radiation. Air TEMPERATURE and relative humidity for calculation of the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE were determined by WBGT device every 30 seconds and the amount of air flow by ANOMETR 3880 every 5 minutes. Both devices were set at a height of 1. 7 meters above the ground. 3. Results and Conclusions The result indicates that in the area surveyed in the range period of 10 to 12 o'clock enclosure has the most effect on the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE. In many hours of the days wind has the most influence on the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE. There is a direct relationship between wind speed and enclosure. At 8 to 10 and 10 to 12 o'clock there is a relatively strong relationship between wind speed and enclosure, but between the period of 12 to 14 o'clock and 14 to 16 o'clock the impact of the wind speed on enclosure is reduced until it loose its effect. In this section one of the influential factor increasing wind speed is multiple passages lead to this section that guide the wind to this area. In different hours of a day we can see change in MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE due to change of wind speed changes. Another influential factor, especially in the middle of the days, is the solar orientation when it is vertical and other factors have less influence than enclosure on the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE. For this time of the days awning and canopy in street is advised to decrease the amount of MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE. Generally, in the most hours of the days wind has the greatest impact on improvement in the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE in this area. To improve thermal comfort in the new urban context and decrease MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE, especially in the middle of the day, shade should be created in the pedestrian path areas, sidewalks and public spaces. It can be made through artificial roofs, locating trees which provide shadow or building projections. Smart shading devices can be used to respond to need of radiation and shading in different time of the day and different seasons. These shading devices are capable of opening and closing automatically. Other green design parameters such as photovoltaic cells and water facilities to store water can also added to this devices. It can be a good design alternative for maintaining of thermal comfort in urban open public spaces in Bushehr. In addition, creation of space with enclosure degree (ratio of height to width) of 1. 73 make it possible to create a favorable space. Enclosure can be created through use of the large tree canopy with radius more than 2m in streets which the width is more than its height. Awing projection should be at least half of the height of the openings to create thermal comfort and reduce MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE.

Background and Objective: In the past, thermal comfort was created through the design of buildings and a handful of construction equipment. Selection of appropriate crust form was one of the noteworthy methods in architecture. Such circumstances were changed in 1960s. Heating, cooling and lighting supply of buildings by mechanical equipment and the use of fossil fuels became pivotal aspect. In the past years following the energy crisis created in this way and environmental pollution, again the best case of heating and cooling, became the accordance to building design and use of clean energy. In these circumstances, appropriate and followed by that reduction of energy consumption of buildings. Among these components, roofing, which plays a fundamental role in thermal exchange, is often overlooked.Method: In this article, research method is done based on computer modeling and simulation by Revit 2014 and energy plus with version of 8.1.Findings: So, ahead research intends to discuss in the mountainous of Karaj comparison between the four dominant type of roof including flat, one-way, two-way and four-way with the different angles. Its target is to achieve the optimum form and a roof sloping angle in this region based on the average RADIANT TEMPERATURE, the man factors of thermal comfort.Discussion and Conclusion: Results of Analysis of simulated models, shows optimal roof and its most appropriate angle in the sloping roof with constant floor area according to the average MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE in the studied model.

Designing and planning for residential development are among significant components of any planning or urban design efforts. In many countries, residential types vary greatly between regional markets, and they vary within a single municipal jurisdiction too. Housing types acceptable in a locale may not be culturally, economically or environmentally viable even a short distance away. Among the main issues in housing practice are the housing block types. Block types refer to the arrangement of the relationships between mass and space in an individual plot and then in a whole block shape. This also depends on many various factors such as building types (e.g. single family, multifamily, detached or attached, etc.), street patterns (e.g. in case of total width), open space patterns (e.g. courtyard, back yard, etc.), environmental condition (e.g. macro and micro climatic zone, slope, scope, etc.), in which every single factor adjudicates to bring about some diverse block patterns. Therefore, the more variety of conditions needs to meet the more variety of massing patterns.In the recent half century, there has been emerged a massing pattern through the spatial transformation of house, in which the mass is placed in north side of plot and then courtyard in the south side of it. Because of prevalence of this pattern throughout the whole country and also within several decades, it can be taken as a part of planning tradition of contemporary, rural and detached urban fabrics of Iran. This article aims to survey the mentioned pattern and answer the questions which are the insufficiencies of this pattern at first. Then it studies how some changes in massing pattern could cause wide spread microclimate variations. In this case, two massing patterns have been compared. The first pattern is a current one that has been addressed before.The second is a proposed pattern which is similar to the current pattern, except in pitching, on parcel. Indeed, in the proposed massing pattern, the north plots are covered from line of plot in street proximity. Therefore the microclimatic variants which influence on thermal comfort have been compared. The microclimatic variants include MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE, relative humidity, air TEMPERATURE and wind flow (direction and speed).Envi-met model has been used to evaluate the variants. The paper is going to apply Leonardo and Xtract software’s in order to extract required outputs in terms of graphics and numeric. The findings indicate some prominent differences between the two compared patterns pro of the proposed one. Indeed, based on precise mathematical calculation, the proposed pattern has 4 levels higher than the existing one within the thermal comfort variants. Especially, in relation to the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE variant that is known as a critical scale to determining the comfort in exterior condition. It proves that only replacing the mass in a given plot can make great improvement on saving energy and is mainly suitable for microclimate condition. Also it poses a question for not renewing the regulatory context to bring about the better block patterns and the existing conditions have been left on its own.

Internal thermal conditions and cooling load of the buildings intensely depend on outdoor conditions. Outdoor conditions of the building are not constant during a day, so assumption of constant thermal conditions for indoor is not proper. It seems that using adaptive TEMPERATURE panels proportional to the variations of outdoor conditions decreases the energy consumption in comparison with constant TEMPERATURE cooling panels. In this paper the effects of adaptive TEMPERATURE metal panels are investigated on energy consumption of the buildings and thermal comfort conditions of the occupants. Results of hourly analysis show that, in Tehran with maximum relative humidity of 65%, in buildings with north and south orientations, we do not need cooling systems in nearly 10 hours of a day, in remains we can provide thermal comfort conditions by RADIANT ceiling cooling panels with natural ventilation and without any anxiety about condensation on the panels. However, in buildings with east or west orientations we do not need to air conditioning and cooling systems in only 7 hours of a day. In these buildings condensation is inevitable in some intervals of system operation during a day. In these periods, we can decrease the probability of condensation by using mechanical ventilation. Results also demonstrate that cooling energy consumption is decreased of 29 to 45% depending on the orientation of building.

Urban densities are prone to the urban heat island (UHI) effect, resulting in decreased outdoor thermal comfort for the growing urban populations in hot and dry climates. Canyon layout, surface materials, green cover, and ground moisture can alter the outdoor microclimates of urban canyons at the canopy layer. While the isolated impact of urban cooling strategies is researched extensively, the integration of these UHI mitigation strategies into design compositions for complex projects has yet to be thoroughly examined. This study explores the impact of six different design scenarios for the redevelopment of the entry canyon for the Afifabad garden in Shiraz during the hottest and coldest times of the last decade. The design scenarios include the final proposed and past layouts of the site, along with four interim scenarios introducing feasible compositions of greenery and cool surfaces. The ENVI-met model of the site is validated by field measurement data from 2021, and then used to simulate all six scenarios for the hottest and coldest days of a typical year. The predicted MEAN vote (PMV) and physiological equivalent TEMPERATURE (PET) values were calculated from the simulation results and evaluated to identify the most feasible and impactful design compositions. Findings indicate that high albedo pavements were not effective in isolation (scenario 4) and led to an increase in the MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE (MRT). Street trees and vegetation were the most influential isolated measures, resulting in a 2.61°C variation in PET. The most impactful results were related to the combined effect of trees, turf, and cool surfaces, which resulted in up to an 11.3°C variation in PET due to the combination of appropriate greenery, shading over surfaces, and cool covers. Understanding the details of the impact of design configurations, when addressing heat stress adaptation in cities, enables the implementation of UHI mitigation strategies into feasible urban retrofit and regeneration projects.

According to the nature of open public space, it’s involved a huge part of urban activities.One of the most important principles in design is considering thermal comfort in order to improve the quality of space and increase user’s satisfaction. The general aim of this research is controlling environmental elements affected on thermal comfort to increase satisfaction.This research seeks to determine the relationship between the thermal environment and “sky view factor”. The “sky view factor” represents an estimation of the visible area of the sky from an earth viewpoint, being defined as the ratio between the total amounts of radiation received from a plan surface and that available from the whole RADIANT environment. There are several techniques for calculating of the “sky view factor”: using surveying techniques, digital camera with fish-eye lens, signals from GPS receivers or lately thermal fish-eye image. The photographic technique is particularly well suited for urban open space, where vegetation is present.Late research has identified that “sky view factor” has a multiple effect on open space climate. In these researches, the “sky view factor” has been shown to be well correlated with surface TEMPERATURE but not with air TEMPERATURE. Nevertheless, the MEAN “sky view factor”for an area has been demonstrated to have a good correlation with the urban heat island.This study was conducted in Iran, Tehran, in five parks area (Mellat, Saei, Laleh, Shahr and Besat). Field surveys were performed from October11 to 28, 2010 and have taken place between 10 a.m. and 5 p.m., on weekdays and weekends. During the period of fieldwork, meteorological parameters such as air TEMPERATURE, relative humidity, wind velocity, and globe TEMPERATURE were measured. The MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE was calculated using mentioned parameters. Photographs were taken in the urban parks’ area at ground level shooting upwards using a fisheye lens. Utilizing image analysis and in processing software, “Sky view factor” was computed for each photograph.The main conclusions from this paper can be summarized as follows.-“Sky view factor” analysis is a useful and effective tool for the landscape architecture and urban climatologist conducting studies.-There is a relatively strong relationship between “sky view factor” and MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE during the day. The MEAN RADIANT TEMPERATURE has the strongest influence on thermo physiological comfort indexes.-Reducing the TEMPERATURE of the “sky view factor” is the most effective MEANs to achieve outdoor thermal comfort.

Regarding climate changes and global warming, it seems that the behavior of climate elements in the future should be predicted and known. Therefore, in this study, using modeling by a set of ARIMA statistical models, models on the time series of the MEAN annual TEMPERATURE at Mehrabad station in Tehran during 1951-2015 were fitted to investigate a significant model by trial and error in order to identify the most appropriate model. Since the time series of the observations had a normal distribution, modeling was performed on the time series without applying Box Cox transformation. First, for static and non-static investigations, the time series of annual MEAN TEMPERATURE observations was plotted simply in diagrams. In addition, the first and second order regression line equations were used to further ensure the type of time series behavior of the MEAN annual TEMPERATURE. The results showed that the time series behavior of TEMPERATURE at this station is linear. Since the time series behavior was linear, the order d = 1 was determined. Second, the first-order differentiation was performed on the time series. In the third step, the order p and q were determined using autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation of the differentiated values ( ). After investigating the significance of the order of the components of each of the models, the following models were selected as significant models, respectively: 1) ARIMA(0, 1, 1 2) ARIMA(2, 1, 0 Since the first significant model was observed with suspicion, as a result each of the components (p, d, q) of the above two models were tested up to the 3th order. Finally, these two models were selected as significant models. Also, Akaike information criterion (AIC) was considered to determine the most appropriate model among the above two models. ARIMA model (0, 1, 1 had the minimum value of AIC compared to the other model. As a result, using this model, the TEMPERATURE time series at this station was predicted from the end of the period to ¼ of the first time series. Given the concept of uncertainty, which underlies descriptive and inferential statistics, as a result, it seems that uncertainties should be expressed with high statistical certainty. In this regard, we used statistical tests of autocorrelation, Pearson correlation coefficient, standard normal homogeneity, cumulative deviations, milestones, sign on the time series of ARIMA model residues (0, 1, 1, and drawing methods for residual normality, residual independence, constant residual variance and portmanteau test to consider further criteria to increase the statistical reliability of the applied model. The results of all statistical tests showed the random residual time series of the model. These tests showed that the best model for modeling the time series of the MEAN annual TEMPERATURE at Mehrabad station, Tehran is ARIMA model (0, 1, 1. Since the upper and lower limits of the predicted series as well as the predicted observations show the same behavior of the TEMPERATURE time series at Mehrabad station, it can be said that the estimation of the predicted numerical values is still appropriate for this model to predict the TEMPERATURE variable at this station. Finally, the results showed that the MEAN TEMPERATURE of the predicted series is likely to be 17. 742 ͦ C, and the MEAN annual TEMPERATURE will increase by 0. 038 ͦ C compared to the previous year.

In this study, the life history characteristics of Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault), an established egg parasitoid species in southwestern Iran, parasitizing Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) were examined at 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 °C. The results showed that different constant TEMPERATUREs significantly affected the number of parasitized eggs, development time, sex ratio, tibial length, number of parasitoids per host egg, progeny longevity, and fecundity. T. euproctidis failed to complete development at 18 °C, the lowest TEMPERATURE tested. The MEAN developmental duration from egg to adult female decreased from 15.33 days at 21 °C to 7.25 days at 33 °C. An average of 188-degree days was required to complete development above the lower threshold TEMPERATURE (7.2 °C). Survivorship was 96.20, 97.20, 98.33, 85.46, and 82.22 % at 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 °C, respectively. The MEAN longevity of T. euproctidis ranged from 11.60 days at 21 °C to 4.57 days at 33 °C. MEAN total progeny ranged from 19.50 / female at 33 °C to 168.70 / female at 21 °C. Data analysis demonstrated that different constant TEMPERATUREs had a significant effect on the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and generation time (T). The intrinsic rate of increase (r) improved with TEMPERATURE from 0.240/day at 21°C to 0.370/day at 27 °C and then decreased at higher TEMPERATUREs. Generation time decreased from 16.90 days to 7.53 days with increasing TEMPERATURE. The optimal TEMPERATURE for development and reproduction of T. euproctidis was 27 °C. The results of this study showed that this strain of T. euproctidis appears to have the potential to be utilized in integrated management programs targeting H. armigera.